Table of Contents
Overview
Definition and Importance
Radiation oncology is a specialized field of medicine that utilizes radiation therapy to treat cancer. This treatment involves the application of carefully targeted and regulated doses of high-energy radiation, which can lead to the immediate death of some cancer cells, while others may die or become incapacitated due to damage inflicted on their chromosomes and DNA.[1.1] There are various forms of radiation therapy, including external beam radiation therapy, which directs a beam of radiation into the body from a machine. This method may also be referred to as x-ray therapy, 3D conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT), intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT), stereotactic radiation therapy (SRT), as well as cobalt, photon, or proton therapy.[3.1] Additionally, brachytherapy is another technique used to treat some of the same cancers that external beam radiation therapy addresses, involving the placement of radioactive sources directly inside or near the tumor.[2.1] Radiation therapy is recognized as one of the three primary pillars of cancer treatment, alongside surgery and chemotherapy, and has recently been complemented by immunotherapy, which is often considered a fourth pillar.[4.1] The significance of radiation oncology lies not only in its ability to treat cancer but also in its role in palliative care, where it can alleviate symptoms such as pain or difficulty in breathing and swallowing in patients with advanced cancer.[2.1] The history of radiation therapy, or radiotherapy, can be traced back to the experiments conducted shortly after the discovery of X-rays in 1895. These early experiments demonstrated that exposure to radiation could produce cutaneous burns, leading to the application of radiation in treating various medical conditions, including growths and lesions caused by diseases such as lupus and basal cell carcinoma.[5.1] The fields of radiology and radiation oncology emerged within a few months of the discovery of X-rays, and between 1895 and 1900, X-ray treatments began to be utilized.[6.1] The evolution of radiation therapy has continued significantly, particularly from 1985 to the present day, marking a pivotal shift in cancer treatment and patient care through the era of ionizing radiation.[7.1] This historical context underscores the critical role of radiation oncology in modern cancer care, emphasizing its importance in improving patient outcomes.Role in Cancer Treatment
Radiation therapy plays a crucial role in the treatment of cancer, being one of the most common modalities utilized in cancer care. Approximately 60 percent of all cancer patients receive radiation therapy as part of their treatment plan, which can be applied to both benign and malignant tumors.[9.1] The primary mechanism by which radiation therapy operates is through the induction of DNA damage in cancer cells, ultimately leading to cell death or the inhibition of tumor growth.[13.1] Radiation therapy plays a crucial role in cancer treatment by utilizing high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells or slow their growth by damaging their DNA.[11.1] There are two primary types of radiation therapy: external beam radiation therapy and internal therapy, also known as brachytherapy. External beam radiation therapy is the most common type, where a machine is used to aim high-energy rays or particles from outside the body at the tumor.[10.1] In contrast, brachytherapy involves placing radioactive material, such as needles, seeds, wires, or catheters, directly into or near the tumor.[10.1] The goals of radiation therapy can vary, with some treatments aimed at curative intent while others are palliative.[10.1] Additionally, radiation therapy is frequently used as adjuvant therapy alongside other treatments, such as surgery and chemotherapy, to enhance overall effectiveness.[10.1] Dosimetry is the science of measuring and calculating the radiation dose received by the human body, and it plays a pivotal role in optimizing treatment efficacy and safety in radiation therapy.[8.1] In radiation therapy, dosimetry ensures that the correct amount of radiation is delivered to the tumor while minimizing exposure to surrounding healthy tissues. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is an advanced type of radiation therapy that utilizes powerful energy beams, such as X-rays or protons, to target cancer cells.[8.1] With IMRT, the beams of radiation are carefully customized to match the shape of the cancer, enhancing treatment effectiveness and reducing side effects.[8.1] Treatment options within radiation therapy include external beam radiation therapy, which may incorporate IMRT, as well as other techniques such as brachytherapy.[8.1] Recent research has also highlighted the potential of radiation therapy to act as an "accelerant" for systemic immune responses, exemplified by the abscopal effect, where radiation at one site can lead to tumor regression at distant sites.[20.1] This emerging understanding of the interplay between radiation therapy and immunotherapy is paving the way for innovative treatment strategies that could enhance patient outcomes in cancer care.History
Early Discoveries and Innovations
The field of radiation oncology emerged shortly after Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen's discovery of X-rays on November 8, 1895. This groundbreaking discovery was quickly recognized for its significant impact, as it revolutionized both physics and medicine, allowing for unprecedented insights into the human body without the need for surgery.[32.1] Within just a few months of Roentgen's discovery, the fields of radiology and radiation oncology were established, and by 1896, X-ray treatments were already being utilized in clinical settings, particularly in surgery and medicine.[30.1] The rapid adoption of X-rays as a diagnostic tool marked a pivotal moment in medical history, as it enabled doctors to visualize internal structures for the first time, fundamentally changing the approach to patient care.[32.1] In the early years, the medical community was influenced by existing treatments such as electrotherapy and escharotics, leading to the use of radiation for treating growths and lesions associated with diseases like lupus and basal cell carcinoma. The bactericidal properties attributed to radiation prompted the exploration of radium as a treatment option, particularly for conditions resistant to X-ray therapy. Radium was utilized in various forms, including radium emanation (now known as radon) and radium salts, which allowed for more versatile applications compared to X-rays.[46.1] The field of radiation therapy has experienced rapid growth and significant changes since the early discoveries of X-rays by Wilhelm Röntgen and radium by Marie and Pierre Curie in the 1890s.[42.1] These pioneering contributions laid the groundwork for the development of radiation oncology as a distinct medical discipline. In the early 20th century, the discoveries of naturally occurring higher-energy x-radiation from uranium and radium by the Curies became particularly important for treating deeper-situated tumors.[45.1] Furthermore, advancements in imaging technologies, including the development of Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), have played a crucial role in transforming treatment protocols in modern radiation oncology.[45.1] Despite these advancements, the field developed slowly, with only about 60 radiotherapists practicing in the United States after World War II. The establishment of dedicated training programs in the 1950s, such as the one initiated by Dr. del Regato at Penrose Hospital, marked a pivotal moment in the professionalization of radiation oncology. This period also saw the formation of the Committee on Radiation Therapy Studies in 1969, which aimed to guide research initiatives in the field.[44.1]Development of Treatment Techniques
Over the past decade, significant advancements in radiation oncology have led to the rapid development of precision radiotherapy, driven by techniques such as image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT), intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT), and proton beam therapy (PBT).[33.1] These advanced modalities enhance the conformity of radiation delivery, reduce planning margins, and enable the administration of higher doses directly to tumors, which may result in improved patient outcomes.[35.1] However, the delivery of highly conformal, high-dose radiotherapy presents challenges due to uncertainties in the accuracy of imaging, treatment planning, and treatment delivery, as well as potential changes in tumor size during treatment.[35.1] The integration of advanced imaging technologies, including computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET), has played a crucial role in refining tumor delineation during the radiotherapy planning process. This integration facilitates a more individualized approach to cancer treatment, enabling clinicians to tailor therapies to the specific characteristics of each patient's tumor.[35.1] For instance, SBRT has demonstrated remarkable efficacy in treating small tumors, particularly in non-small cell lung cancer, where control rates have increased from 30% with traditional therapies to 90% with SBRT.[36.1] Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) represents a significant advancement in radiation oncology, allowing for the precise targeting of tumors while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissues. This technique is crucial in modern cancer treatment due to its ability to deliver higher doses of radiation directly to tumors, which enhances tumor control and reduces side effects for patients.[37.1] The evolution of radiation therapy, particularly the shift towards ionizing radiation, has had a profound impact on cancer treatment and patient care, improving the overall patient experience and quality of life.[40.1] The principles of radiation oncology exploit the biological interactions of radiation within tissues to promote tumor death while sparing normal tissues, relying on the physics of radiation energy deposition and advanced technology for accurate tumor targeting.[39.1] Furthermore, the development of innovative treatment modalities such as stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) and proton therapy has emerged from this evolution, offering improved outcomes and reduced side effects for cancer patients.[40.1] The development of radiation therapy has been significantly shaped by the understanding of how ionizing radiation interacts with biological tissues. Ionizing radiation, which includes both gamma and X-rays as well as particulate forms like alpha and beta particles, is known to induce double-strand breaks in the DNA backbone. This damage can lead to cell death if the extent of DNA double-strand breaks surpasses the repair capacity of the tumor cells.[41.1] The standard treatment for many tumor types involves fractionated radiation therapy, which applies ionizing radiation to the tumor-bearing target volume.[41.1] While the primary biological effects of radiation stem from DNA damage, it is important to note that damage to other cellular components can also contribute to cell death. This foundational knowledge has been crucial in advancing radiation therapy techniques, allowing for the development of more effective treatment modalities that aim to optimize the destruction of tumor cells while minimizing harm to surrounding healthy tissues.[41.1]In this section:
Recent Advancements
Technological Innovations
Recent advancements in radiation oncology have been significantly influenced by technological innovations that enhance treatment precision and efficacy. One of the most notable developments is Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT), which utilizes highly focused radiation to target small tumors while minimizing exposure to surrounding healthy tissues. This approach has dramatically improved control rates for patients with medically inoperable peripheral tumors, such as non-small cell lung cancer stages 1A and 1B, increasing success rates from 30% with traditional radiation therapy to 90% with SBRT.[68.1] Recent advancements in imaging technologies, including computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET), have significantly transformed the planning and delivery of radiation therapy. These innovations have enhanced tumor delineation, allowing for a more individualized approach to cancer treatment.[64.1] Over the past decade, the development of techniques such as image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT), intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), and stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) has rapidly advanced the concept of precision radiotherapy.[69.1] These advanced techniques facilitate greater conformity in radiation delivery, reduced planning margins, and the ability to escalate doses to the tumor, which may lead to improved patient outcomes.[69.1] However, the delivery of highly conformal, high-dose radiotherapy remains challenging due to uncertainties in imaging accuracy, treatment planning, and changes in tumor size during treatment.[69.1] Ultimately, while precision in radiation oncology is driven by technological advancements, patient outcomes are also influenced by biological factors.[61.1] Recent advancements in radiation oncology have significantly transformed cancer treatment, particularly through the introduction of biology-guided radiation therapy, exemplified by the SCINTIX TM system. This innovative approach marks the first instance of a radiation treatment machine that integrates radiotherapy with positron emission tomography (PET) technology, enhancing the precision of treatment delivery.[60.1] The evolution of radiation therapy has been characterized by a shift towards ionizing radiation, which has notably improved patient experiences and quality of life in cancer care.[72.1] Furthermore, technical advances in radiation oncology, including the development of image-based dose delivery systems and integrated evaluation tools, have facilitated precise dose escalation and treatment intensification.[61.1] These innovations underscore the importance of both technological advancements and biological considerations in optimizing treatment outcomes for patients. Despite these advancements, challenges remain in ensuring the accuracy of imaging and treatment delivery, as well as managing uncertainties related to tumor changes during treatment.[69.1] Nevertheless, the ongoing evolution of radiation oncology continues to enhance the quality of care and patient experience, ultimately leading to improved survival rates and quality of life for cancer patients.[72.1]Integration with Other Treatment Modalities
Recent advancements in radiation oncology emphasize the integration of radiation therapy with other treatment modalities, particularly in the realm of personalized medicine and systemic immune responses. Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) exemplifies this integration by delivering precise, high-dose radiation to tumors while sparing healthy tissues, making it effective for localized tumors in metastatic cancer patients.[63.1] This approach is complemented by the potential of modern radiation technologies to enhance the efficacy of combined treatments for locally advanced cancers, potentially extending radiotherapy's role from palliative to curative in metastatic cases.[66.1] Furthermore, radiation therapy's ability to stimulate systemic immune responses, such as the abscopal effect, supports its concurrent use with immunotherapies like checkpoint inhibitors, particularly in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.[67.1] The integration of biomarkers in treatment planning further enhances personalized approaches, as advances in molecular biology have led to the identification of tumor-specific biomarkers. These biomarkers guide the combination of drug therapies with radiation, improving patient outcomes. For example, PCR assays are used to determine KRAS mutation status, informing anti-EGFR antibody treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer, and similar technologies are applied in leukemia and neuroblastoma.[71.1]Types Of Radiation Therapy
External Beam Radiation Therapy
External beam radiation therapy (EBRT) is the most commonly utilized technique in cancer treatment, involving the delivery of radiation beams generated outside the patient's body. This method typically employs devices such as linear accelerators (LINACS) and particle accelerators to direct high-energy radiation, including X-rays and gamma rays, towards the tumor site.[94.1] EBRT is designed to kill cancer cells or inhibit their growth by damaging their DNA, thereby shrinking tumors.[79.1] The application of EBRT can vary based on the specific type of cancer being treated, as well as the individual patient's condition. For instance, in prostate cancer treatment, options within EBRT include conventionally fractionated radiation therapy (CFRT), intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), hypofractionated radiation therapy (HFRT), and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT).[93.1] This versatility allows for tailored treatment plans that can optimize therapeutic outcomes while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissues. In addition to its primary role in cancer management, EBRT can also be combined with other treatment modalities, such as surgery and chemotherapy, to enhance overall efficacy.[79.1] The precision of EBRT has been significantly improved through advancements in imaging technologies, which aid in accurately defining tumor localization and treatment planning.[88.1] These developments have facilitated the emergence of precision radiotherapy, allowing for greater conformity in radiation delivery and potentially leading to improved patient outcomes.[89.1]Multidisciplinary Approach
Collaboration with Other Specialties
The integration of radiation oncology with other medical specialties is essential for optimizing treatment outcomes in lung cancer patients. Lung cancer, being the second most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related death globally, presents complex diagnostic and treatment challenges that necessitate a multidisciplinary team (MDT) approach to improve patient management and outcomes.[128.1] Research indicates that effective care for lung cancer should be conducted in specialized units equipped with a core MDT and an extended team of healthcare professionals, although such units are not universally available across Europe.[128.1] Collaboration between radiation oncology and surgical oncology has become increasingly vital in the treatment of lung cancer, particularly as surgical methods have advanced over the years. Since the first successful pneumonectomy for lung cancer was reported by Graham et al. in 1933, surgical techniques have continuously evolved, with significant innovations such as video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) emerging in the 1990s, marking a major technological revolution in cardiothoracic surgery.[118.1] Radiation therapy plays a crucial role in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), especially when surgical options are limited due to the size or location of the tumor, when patients are not healthy enough for surgery, or when they opt not to undergo surgical intervention.[126.1] This integration of surgical and radiation therapies is essential for developing a coordinated treatment plan that enhances overall patient outcomes. The timing and sequencing of chemotherapy in relation to radiation therapy are critical factors that can influence the overall effectiveness of treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Depending on the stage of NSCLC and other considerations, radiation therapy may be employed as the primary treatment, particularly when the lung tumor is inoperable due to its size or location, or when a patient is not healthy enough to undergo surgery.[126.1] Neoadjuvant chemotherapy, which is administered before surgery, may also be utilized, sometimes in conjunction with radiation therapy, depending on the specific circumstances of the patient.[127.1] Therefore, a comprehensive treatment plan that takes into account these factors is essential for optimizing patient outcomes. Advanced imaging techniques, such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET), have transformed the planning and delivery of radiation therapy. These technologies facilitate a more individualized approach to cancer therapy, allowing for precision radiotherapy that can deliver higher doses to tumors while minimizing exposure to surrounding healthy tissue.[116.1] The integration of these imaging modalities into the treatment planning process exemplifies the collaborative efforts necessary to enhance the precision and effectiveness of radiation therapy in lung cancer treatment.[116.1]Patient-Centered Care
Patient-centered care in radiation oncology is increasingly being shaped by the principles of personalized medicine, which emphasizes tailoring treatment to the unique characteristics of each patient. This approach considers inter- and intra-tumor variability, as well as individual lifestyle and health conditions, to optimize treatment strategies for various cancers, including colorectal and breast cancer.[119.1] Personalized medicine extends beyond traditional methods of stratifying patients based on phenotypic biomarkers, allowing for a more nuanced understanding of how specific genetic and molecular features of tumors can influence treatment options.[120.1] Companion diagnostics play a crucial role in this personalized approach by identifying which therapies are most effective for a patient's specific tumor, thereby enhancing the efficacy and safety of treatments.[121.1] The integration of targeted drug therapies and immunotherapies, which are designed to attack specific targets on cancer cells, exemplifies how precision medicine can improve patient outcomes, as evidenced by higher response rates and progression-free survival in clinical trials that utilize specific biomarkers.[122.1] The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning in radiation oncology is poised to significantly enhance patient-centered care. AI applications in oncology encompass a range of functions, including the optimization of cancer research, improvement of clinical practices, and a better understanding of tumor molecular biology, which aids in predicting patient outcomes and treatment responses.[124.1] These advancements are facilitated by the increased availability of data and the augmentation of storage and computing power, which have propelled the development of data-processing techniques essential for addressing complex challenges in cancer care.[124.1] Furthermore, AI platforms excel in recognizing intricate patterns within medical data, providing a quantitative assessment of clinical conditions rather than relying solely on qualitative evaluations.[125.1] This capability not only enhances the understanding of tumor characteristics but also supports the development of more effective and individualized patient care strategies.[124.1]In this section:
Challenges And Considerations
Patient-Specific Factors
Patient-specific factors play a crucial role in the efficacy and safety of radiation oncology treatments. Genetic profiling has emerged as a significant tool in personalizing treatment plans, allowing clinicians to tailor therapies based on individual genetic markers that predict radiation toxicity. This approach helps identify patients who may be at higher risk of adverse side effects from radiotherapy, thereby enhancing patient outcomes and advancing precision medicine in oncology.[137.1] The efficacy of radiation therapy (RT) is significantly influenced by DNA damage, which is the primary mechanism through which RT exerts its effects. The outcomes of treatment and the associated toxicity to healthy tissues are affected by various external and internal factors, including mutations in DNA damage recognition and repair pathways. Disorders in these DNA repair mechanisms can lead to increased sensitivity to cancer treatment, highlighting the importance of understanding these genetic variations.[143.1] Furthermore, the preservation of genetic information related to DNA repair is crucial for maintaining genomic stability, which is essential for cellular homeostasis, organismal development, and cancer suppression. Multiple, redundant DNA damage repair and signaling pathways work together to prevent errors during DNA replication and to eliminate DNA lesions from both endogenous and exogenous sources.[144.1] Therefore, recognizing the role of DNA repair in the context of radiation therapy is vital for developing tailored treatment strategies that enhance both safety and effectiveness for patients with specific genetic profiles. The integration of radiogenomics, which examines the influence of genetic variation on radiation response, is crucial in understanding how specific genetic mutations can affect a patient's response to radiation therapy.[138.1] This field emphasizes the preservation of DNA repair mechanisms, which are essential for maintaining genomic stability, cellular homeostasis, and cancer suppression.[144.1] Effective DNA damage repair pathways are necessary to prevent errors during DNA replication and to eliminate DNA lesions from both endogenous and exogenous sources.[144.1] As radiotherapy is a key component of many curative cancer treatments, understanding the genetic profiles of patients can help tailor treatment plans, thereby enhancing safety and effectiveness while mitigating potential risks associated with genetic predispositions.[138.1] In addition to genetic factors, the emotional and psychological challenges faced by patients undergoing radiation therapy must also be considered. Effective patient support systems are essential for managing the physical and emotional toll of treatment. Strategies to support patients include providing emotional encouragement and practical assistance, which are crucial for maintaining quality of life during therapy.[150.1] Understanding and addressing these patient-specific factors can significantly improve the overall experience and outcomes for individuals receiving radiation oncology treatments.Future Directions
Research and Clinical Trials
In 2023, the American Cancer Society projected approximately 1,958,310 new cancer cases and 609,820 cancer deaths in the United States, reflecting significant epidemiological trends that underscore the need for enhanced primary prevention strategies in radiation oncology.[164.1] Notably, the incidence of prostate cancer has increased by 3% annually from 2014 through 2019, reversing a two-decade decline and resulting in an additional 99,000 new cases.[164.1] This increase in prostate cancer incidence, alongside the continuing decline in cancer death rates, highlights the importance of targeted research and clinical trials to better understand the underlying factors contributing to these trends, particularly in relation to the racial disparities observed in cancer mortality.[164.1] Furthermore, the American Cancer Society emphasizes the need for research that explores various risk factors, including smoking, poor nutrition, and lack of physical activity, which can significantly affect cancer risk.[165.1] Furthermore, while the overall cancer death rate has continued to decline—by 1.5% from 2019 to 2020—this progress may be threatened by rising incidence rates for specific cancers, including breast, prostate, and uterine corpus cancers, which exhibit the largest racial disparities in mortality.[164.1] This situation emphasizes the need for ongoing research into the risk factors associated with these cancers, such as smoking, poor nutrition, and lack of physical activity, as well as the development of innovative treatment modalities within radiation oncology.[165.1] The annual reports from the American Cancer Society provide critical data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival statistics, which are essential for informing future research directions and clinical trials.[165.1] By focusing on these epidemiological trends, researchers and clinicians can better understand the dynamics of cancer incidence and mortality, ultimately guiding policy decisions and enhancing the effectiveness of radiation oncology interventions.Emerging Technologies and Techniques
Emerging technologies and techniques in radiation oncology are poised to significantly enhance treatment efficacy and patient outcomes. One notable advancement is Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT), which utilizes highly focused radiation to target small tumors while minimizing exposure to surrounding healthy tissues. This approach has demonstrated a remarkable increase in control rates for non-small cell lung cancer, rising from 30% with traditional radiation therapy to 90% with SBRT, as evidenced by clinical trials involving patients with medically inoperable peripheral tumors.[161.1] Additionally, the introduction of biology-guided radiation therapy, known as SCINTIX TM, represents a groundbreaking integration of radiotherapy with positron emission tomography (PET) technology, marking the first clinical application of this innovative approach.[152.1] This combination is expected to improve the precision of radiation delivery, thereby optimizing treatment outcomes. The evolution of radiation oncology is also characterized by advancements in treatment planning and delivery systems. Recent developments in image-based dose delivery systems and software tools have enabled precise dose escalation and treatment intensification, which are critical for effectively targeting tumors while sparing adjacent healthy tissues.[158.1] Furthermore, knowledge-based treatment planning and deep learning techniques are being employed to create treatment plans that rival those generated by human experts, enhancing the overall quality and efficiency of care.[160.1] Moreover, the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in radiation oncology is expanding, with applications in optimizing treatment plans, ensuring quality control, and monitoring tumor movement during treatment.[160.1] These technological innovations are expected to play a crucial role in the future of radiation oncology, particularly in managing complex cases and improving patient outcomes. As the field continues to evolve, the integration of these emerging technologies and techniques will likely lead to more personalized and effective treatment strategies, ultimately transforming the landscape of cancer care.In this section:
References
[1] Radiation Oncology - Overview - Mayo Clinic — Radiation therapy uses carefully targeted and regulated doses of high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells. Radiation causes some cancer cells to die immediately after treatment, but most die or become incapacitated as a result of the radiation-induced damage to the cancer cell's chromosomes and DNA.
[2] What Is Radiation Oncology: See How it Works - WebMD — Cancer Cancer If you have cancer, you might see a doctor who specializes in radiation oncology. It's an area of medicine that uses "radiation therapy" -- a treatment that focuses high-energy waves on your body to kill cancer cells. Brachytherapy is used for some of the same cancers that external beam radiation therapy can treat. You may only get radiation therapy to treat your cancer. Your doctor may give you cancer medication and radiation together to make them both work better, depending on your type of cancer. If you have advanced cancer, your doctor may suggest radiation therapy to ease pain or help with problems like trouble breathing or swallowing, or in situations where your child has a blockage in their bowels. More on Cancer
[3] Radiation Therapy: The Basics - OncoLink — External beam radiation therapy uses a beam of radiation that is directed into your body from a machine. This may also be called x-ray therapy, 3D conformal radiation (3D-CRT), intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT), stereotactic radiation therapy (SRT), cobalt, photon, or proton therapy. You are not
[4] History of Radiation Oncology in the United States - ASCO Post — Radiation therapy has long been one of the three pillars of cancer therapy—surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy—only recently joined by what is widely considered a fourth pillar, immunotherapy. In part 1 of this two-part report, we trace the beginnings of radiation oncology in the United States and how it grew into the field we know today.
[5] History of radiation therapy - Wikipedia — The history of radiation therapy or radiotherapy can be traced back to experiments made soon after the discovery of X-rays (1895), when it was shown that exposure to radiation produced cutaneous burns.Influenced by electrotherapy and escharotics—the medical application of caustic substances—doctors began using radiation to treat growths and lesions produced by diseases such as lupus, basal
[6] The Evolution of Radiotherapy - News-Medical.net — Early history. A few months after Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895, the fields of radiology and radiation oncology were born. Between 1895 and 1900, X-ray treatments were used for
[7] The Evolution of Radiation Therapy from 1985 to Present: The Era of ... — The Beginnings of Radiation Therapy. As we delve into the history of radiation therapy, it is crucial to understand the significant developments that have shaped its evolution from 1985 to the present day.The era of ionizing radiation has revolutionized cancer treatment and patient care, marking a pivotal shift in the approach towards combating this formidable disease.
[8] Dosimetry in Radionuclide Therapy | Open Medscience — The Role of Dosimetry in Radionuclide Therapy. Dosimetry is the science of measuring and calculating the radiation dose the human body receives. In the context of radionuclide therapy, dosimetry plays a pivotal role in optimising treatment efficacy and safety.
[9] Radiation Therapy: Types of Treatment and How It Works — Radiation therapy is one of the most common types of cancer treatments. Approximately 60 percent of all patients receive radiation therapy as part of their cancer care plan. Radiation therapy may be used to treat both benign (non-cancerous) and malignant (cancerous) tumors.
[10] Types of Radiation Therapy - SEER Training — Internal therapy (brachytherapy): radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near a tumor.. The goal of radiation therapy can be curative intent or palliative.Radiation therapy is frequently used as adjuvant therapy to other treatments, most often with surgery and chemotherapy.. Radiation therapy plays a very important role in cancer treatment
[11] Radiation Therapy for Cancer - NCI - National Cancer Institute — Radiation Therapy for Cancer - NCI Radiation Therapy to Treat Cancer Radiation Therapy to Treat Cancer Radiation therapy kills cancer cells or slows their growth by damaging their DNA. Radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy) is a cancer treatment that uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. How radiation therapy works against cancer Why people with cancer receive radiation therapy Types of cancer that are treated with radiation therapy External beam radiation therapy is used to treat many types of cancer. How radiation is used with other cancer treatments But, most often, you will have radiation therapy with other cancer treatments, such as surgery, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. Radiation Therapy and You: Support for People With Cancer
[13] Radiotherapy - Latest research and news - Nature — Radiotherapy, or radiation therapy, is the clinical use of high energy rays (ionizing radiation) to induce DNA damage in all exposed cells to ultimately kill cancer cells or prevent cancer growth
[20] Radiotherapy combined with immunotherapy: the dawn of cancer treatment ... — Recent studies have found RT may be similar to an “accelerant” by means of inducing in situ vaccination by killing tumor cells and triggering a systemic immune response.12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20 The most representative example is the abscopal effect: radiation on one site may cause regression of tumor at remote and distant non-irradiated sites.21,22,23 The potential systemic antitumor capacity provides a sound basis for iRT. Incidence, risk factors, and CT characteristics of radiation recall pneumonitis induced by immune checkpoint inhibitor in lung cancer. A prospective trial evaluating the safety and systemic response from the concurrent use of radiation therapy with checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.
[30] X-rays: laying the foundation of modern radiology, 1896-1930 — The authors describe the initial impact and far-reaching consequences of the discovery of x-rays in 1895. Roentgen was quick to realise the importance of this mysterious new kind of ray he had discovered. As early as 1896 x-rays were already being used in surgery and medicine, replacing Bell's telep …
[32] German scientist discovers X‑rays | November 8, 1895 - HISTORY — German scientist discovers X‑rays | November 8, 1895 | HISTORY History This Day In History History Vault This Day in History This Day In History: November 8 This Day In History: 11/08/1895 - Scientist Discovers X-rays Röntgen's discovery was labeled a medical miracle and X-rays soon became an important diagnostic tool in medicine, allowing doctors to see inside the human body for the first time without surgery. HISTORY https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/german-scientist-discovers-x-rays Also on This Day in History November | 8 This Day in History Video: What Happened on November 8 Wake Up to This Day in History By submitting your information, you agree to receive emails from HISTORY and A+E Networks. More details: Privacy Notice | Terms of Use | Contact Us History Vault Military History
[33] How rapid advances in imaging are defining the future of precision ... — Over the past decade, a number of significant technical developments, such as image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT), intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) and proton beam therapy (PBT), have enabled the concept of ‘precision radiotherapy’ to be advanced rapidly.8 Such advanced radiotherapy techniques facilitate greater conformity, reduced planning margins and the delivery of an increased dose to the tumour, potentially resulting in improved patient outcomes.5,6,9 The delivery of highly conformal, high-dose radiotherapy is, however, challenging due to uncertainties in the accuracy of imaging, treatment planning, treatment delivery and even changes in tumour size during treatment.
[35] How rapid advances in imaging are defining the future of precision ... — In this article, we review how the integration of existing and novel forms of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography have transformed tumour delineation in the radiotherapy planning process, and how these advances have the potential to allow a more individualised approach to the cancer therapy. Over the past decade, a number of significant technical developments, such as image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT), intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) and proton beam therapy (PBT), have enabled the concept of ‘precision radiotherapy’ to be advanced rapidly.8 Such advanced radiotherapy techniques facilitate greater conformity, reduced planning margins and the delivery of an increased dose to the tumour, potentially resulting in improved patient outcomes.5,6,9 The delivery of highly conformal, high-dose radiotherapy is, however, challenging due to uncertainties in the accuracy of imaging, treatment planning, treatment delivery and even changes in tumour size during treatment.
[36] Recent Treatment Advances - Radiation Oncology - UCLA Health — Recent Treatment Advances - Radiation Oncology | UCLA Health Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is a new approach that is being applied to some types of cancer which differs from more traditional therapy in a variety of ways. SBRT is different than traditional therapy because it uses highly focused radiation concentrated on small tumors and only low doses to surrounding tissues. In this trial 55 patients with medically inoperable peripheral tumors (non-small cell lung cancer stages 1A and 1B) were given three treatments of SBRT. This type of treatment has raised the control rates from 30% with traditional radiation therapy to 90% in these lung cancer patients who receive SBRT. We are making significant advances in radiation oncology and are now able to use increasingly precise and safe treatments to map and treat cancer.
[37] What Is Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) and How It Works ... — Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is an advanced radiation therapy that precisely targets tumors, minimizing damage to healthy tissue. It's significant in modern cancer treatment due to its ability to deliver higher doses of radiation to tumors while reducing side effects. Pros include improved tumor control and reduced toxicity; cons include increased planning time and potential
[39] New Paradigms and Future Challenges in Radiation Oncology: An ... - AAAS — Radiation oncology exploits the biological interaction of radiation within tissue to promote tumor death while minimizing damage to surrounding normal tissue. The clinical delivery of radiation relies on principles of radiation physics that define how radiation energy is deposited in the body, as well as technology that facilitates accurate tumor targeting. This review will summarize the
[40] The Evolution of Radiation Therapy from 1985 to Present: The Era of ... — This article explores the evolution of radiation therapy, focusing on the shift towards ionizing radiation and its impact on cancer treatment and patient care. In conclusion, the evolution of radiation therapy from 1985 to the present day, particularly the shift towards ionizing radiation, has significantly improved the patient experience and quality of life in cancer treatment. The evolution of radiation therapy towards ionizing radiation has had a significant impact on cancer treatment and patient care. Furthermore, the evolution of ionizing radiation has led to the development of innovative treatment modalities such as stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) and proton therapy, which offer improved outcomes and reduced side effects for cancer patients.
[41] Ionizing radiation, ion transports, and radioresistance of cancer cells — The standard treatment of many tumor entities comprises fractionated radiation therapy which applies ionizing radiation to the tumor-bearing target volume. Ionizing radiation causes double-strand breaks in the DNA backbone that result in cell death if the number of DNA double-strand breaks exceeds the DNA repair capacity of the tumor cell.
[42] History of Radiation Oncology in the United States - ASCO Post — In part 2, we will consider the advances in technology and biology that are the foundation of modern radiation oncology. Early Technology. ... For deeper-situated tumors, the surgeons of the early part of the 20th century turned to Marie and Pierre Curie, who had discovered naturally occurring higher-energy x-radiation from uranium and radium. Mme.
[44] History of Radiation Oncology in the United States - ASCO Post — Still, the field developed slowly; after WWII, there were only about 60 radiotherapists in the United States.4 The first training program in this country devoted to training solely in radiation oncology was started in the 1950s by Dr. del Regato at Penrose Hospital. In 1969, radiation therapy leaders Dr. Fletcher, Dr. Regato, Dr. Kaplan, Luther Brady, MD (Hahnemann University, Philadelphia), Dr. Kramer, and Dr. Powers met with then National Cancer Institute (NCI) Director Kenneth Endicott, MD, to form the Committee on Radiation Therapy Studies (CRTS, later renamed the Committee for Radiation Oncology Studies), to advise the NCI on appropriate studies and research initiatives in radiation oncology.
[45] 50 years of radiotherapy research: Evolution, trends and lessons for ... — The field of radiation therapy has grown rapidly and has undergone profound changes since the early discoveries by W. Röntgen and M. Curie of X-Rays and Radium in the 1890s. Of particular note are the scientific breakthroughs in imaging, such as the development of Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), which have
[46] History of radiation therapy - Wikipedia — Influenced by electrotherapy and escharotics—the medical application of caustic substances—doctors began using radiation to treat growths and lesions produced by diseases such as lupus, basal cell carcinoma, and epithelioma. Radiation was generally believed to have bactericidal properties, so when radium was discovered, in addition to treatments similar to those used with x-rays, it was also used as an additive to medical treatments for diseases such as tuberculosis where there were resistant bacilli. Radium was soon seen as a way to treat disorders that were not affected enough by x-ray treatment because it could be applied in a multitude of ways in which x-rays could not. Different methods of applying radium had been tested, which fell into two categories: the use of radium emanation (now referred to as radon), and the use of radium salts.
[60] Stanford Medicine first to try out novel tumor-targeting radiation ... — It is the first time the new approach, known as biology-guided radiation therapy or SCINTIX TM, has been used in a clinic. "This is the first radiation treatment machine in the world to combine radiotherapy with PET [positron emission tomography] technology," said Michael Gensheimer, MD, clinical associate professor of radiation oncology.
[61] Global Radiotherapy: Current Status and Future Directions—White Paper — Technical advances in radiation oncology, including hardware (image-based dose delivery systems) and software (evaluation tools and metrics integrated in treatment planning systems), have allowed dose escalation and treatment intensification in a very precise way. Although precision is technology-driven, outcome is ultimately dependent on biology.
[63] What Is Stereotactic Radiotherapy and How It Works? Pros and Cons — Stereotactic radiotherapy (SBRT) is an advanced form of radiation therapy that delivers highly precise, high-dose radiation to targeted areas of the body, such as tumors or other abnormalities, while minimizing exposure to surrounding healthy tissues. Stereotactic Radiotherapy (SBRT) is a specialized form of radiation treatment that delivers highly focused radiation beams to tumors with remarkable precision. Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy (SABR) is an advanced cancer treatment that uses high radiation doses to target and eliminate small, localized tumors. Metastatic tumors: For patients with metastatic cancer, where the disease has spread from its original site to other parts of the body, SBRT can be an effective treatment option.
[64] How rapid advances in imaging are defining the future of precision ... — In this article, we review how the integration of existing and novel forms of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography have transformed tumour delineation in the radiotherapy planning process, and how these advances have the potential to allow a more individualised approach to the cancer therapy. Over the past decade, a number of significant technical developments, such as image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT), intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) and proton beam therapy (PBT), have enabled the concept of ‘precision radiotherapy’ to be advanced rapidly.8 Such advanced radiotherapy techniques facilitate greater conformity, reduced planning margins and the delivery of an increased dose to the tumour, potentially resulting in improved patient outcomes.5,6,9 The delivery of highly conformal, high-dose radiotherapy is, however, challenging due to uncertainties in the accuracy of imaging, treatment planning, treatment delivery and even changes in tumour size during treatment.
[66] Role of radiation oncology in modern multidisciplinary cancer treatment ... — While improved imaging and radiotherapy technology have allowed ablative doses to be delivered to most early‐stage cancers, the standard radiation dose schedule for many locally advanced tumors, such as for non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), has been almost unchanged since the 1980s, when radiotherapy was delivered using a 2D technique (Perez et al., 1980). Modern radiation therapy technology and the synergy with new drugs may increase the effectiveness of integrated treatments for locally advanced cancer and open the frontiers for a role of radiotherapy beyond palliation also in metastatic patients. Palma DA, Olson R, Harrow S, Gaede S, Louie AV, Haasbeek C, Mulroy L, Lock M, Rodrigues GB, Yaremko BP et al (2019) Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy versus standard of care palliative treatment in patients with oligometastatic cancers (SABR‐COMET): a randomised, phase 2, open‐label trial.
[67] Radiotherapy combined with immunotherapy: the dawn of cancer treatment ... — Recent studies have found RT may be similar to an “accelerant” by means of inducing in situ vaccination by killing tumor cells and triggering a systemic immune response.12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20 The most representative example is the abscopal effect: radiation on one site may cause regression of tumor at remote and distant non-irradiated sites.21,22,23 The potential systemic antitumor capacity provides a sound basis for iRT. Incidence, risk factors, and CT characteristics of radiation recall pneumonitis induced by immune checkpoint inhibitor in lung cancer. A prospective trial evaluating the safety and systemic response from the concurrent use of radiation therapy with checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.
[68] Recent Treatment Advances - Radiation Oncology - UCLA Health — Recent Treatment Advances - Radiation Oncology | UCLA Health Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is a new approach that is being applied to some types of cancer which differs from more traditional therapy in a variety of ways. SBRT is different than traditional therapy because it uses highly focused radiation concentrated on small tumors and only low doses to surrounding tissues. In this trial 55 patients with medically inoperable peripheral tumors (non-small cell lung cancer stages 1A and 1B) were given three treatments of SBRT. This type of treatment has raised the control rates from 30% with traditional radiation therapy to 90% in these lung cancer patients who receive SBRT. We are making significant advances in radiation oncology and are now able to use increasingly precise and safe treatments to map and treat cancer.
[69] How rapid advances in imaging are defining the future of precision ... — Over the past decade, a number of significant technical developments, such as image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT), intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) and proton beam therapy (PBT), have enabled the concept of ‘precision radiotherapy’ to be advanced rapidly.8 Such advanced radiotherapy techniques facilitate greater conformity, reduced planning margins and the delivery of an increased dose to the tumour, potentially resulting in improved patient outcomes.5,6,9 The delivery of highly conformal, high-dose radiotherapy is, however, challenging due to uncertainties in the accuracy of imaging, treatment planning, treatment delivery and even changes in tumour size during treatment.
[71] Tumor biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and targeted therapy — Over the past decades, continuous progress has been made in exploring and discovering novel, sensitive, specific, and accurate tumor biomarkers, which has significantly promoted personalized medicine and improved the outcomes of cancer patients, especially advances in molecular biology technologies developed for the detection of tumor biomarkers. Moreover, several PCR assays approved by the FDA are used for the diagnosis of KRAS mutation status in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue, thereby guiding anti-EGFR antibody treatment for metastatic CRC.87 Similarly, qPCR assays are effective in the detection of MRD in leukemia, such as the quantification of BCR-ABL-positive cells post-induction chemotherapy/transplantation in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).85 PCR technology is also widely used to detect abnormal genes and abnormal mRNA amplification in tumors, such as MYCN amplification in neuroblastoma.88 Ligand-targeted PCR is essential for the detection of folate receptor-positive circulating tumor cells as a potential diagnostic biomarker in pancreatic cancer.89
[72] The Evolution of Radiation Therapy from 1985 to Present: The Era of ... — This article explores the evolution of radiation therapy, focusing on the shift towards ionizing radiation and its impact on cancer treatment and patient care. In conclusion, the evolution of radiation therapy from 1985 to the present day, particularly the shift towards ionizing radiation, has significantly improved the patient experience and quality of life in cancer treatment. The evolution of radiation therapy towards ionizing radiation has had a significant impact on cancer treatment and patient care. Furthermore, the evolution of ionizing radiation has led to the development of innovative treatment modalities such as stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) and proton therapy, which offer improved outcomes and reduced side effects for cancer patients.
[79] Radiation Therapy for Cancer - NCI — Radiation Therapy for Cancer - NCI Radiation Therapy to Treat Cancer Radiation Therapy to Treat Cancer Radiation therapy kills cancer cells or slows their growth by damaging their DNA. Radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy) is a cancer treatment that uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. How radiation therapy works against cancer Why people with cancer receive radiation therapy Types of cancer that are treated with radiation therapy External beam radiation therapy is used to treat many types of cancer. How radiation is used with other cancer treatments But, most often, you will have radiation therapy with other cancer treatments, such as surgery, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. Radiation Therapy and You: Support for People With Cancer
[88] The Role of Imaging in Radiation Therapy Planning: Past, Present, and ... — The application of other imaging modalities, such as magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and positron emission tomography (PET), can provide additional information in order to more precisely define tumor localization for treatment planning using radiation therapy [6–8]. Despite the wide use of MR for diagnostic imaging, in radiation therapy treatment planning MR is still a secondary image modality due to its image artifacts, lack of tissue density information, and relatively small field of view (FOV). The advances in omics imaging for radiation treatment planning will include molecular imaging such as the new MR sequences described in Table 3, functional imaging, as well as the development and application of new PET tracers, such as 18F-FLT, 64Cu-ATSM, and 18F-FMISO, that can better identify regions of hypoxia, oxygen metabolism, microscopic disease, and high metabolism inside the tumor .
[89] How rapid advances in imaging are defining the future of precision ... — Over the past decade, a number of significant technical developments, such as image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT), intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) and proton beam therapy (PBT), have enabled the concept of ‘precision radiotherapy’ to be advanced rapidly.8 Such advanced radiotherapy techniques facilitate greater conformity, reduced planning margins and the delivery of an increased dose to the tumour, potentially resulting in improved patient outcomes.5,6,9 The delivery of highly conformal, high-dose radiotherapy is, however, challenging due to uncertainties in the accuracy of imaging, treatment planning, treatment delivery and even changes in tumour size during treatment.
[93] Comparison of outcomes and toxicities among radiation therapy treatment ... — Prostate cancer is the most prevalent cancer diagnosed in men in the United States, aside from skin cancer.1 Treatment options for non-metastatic prostate cancer typically include active surveillance (AS), radical prostatectomy (RP) and radiation therapy (RT).2 Within RT, treatment options include (1) external beam radiation therapy (RT), which may be conventionally fractionated (CFRT) with intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) or protons, hypofractionated RT (HFRT) with IMRT or protons, or delivered as stereotactic body RT (SBRT); and (2) brachytherapy (BT), either high dose rate (HDR-BT) or low dose rate (LDR-BT).
[94] Clinical and practical applications of radiation therapy: when should ... — Radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation from X-rays, γ-rays, neutrons, electrons, protons and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumours. External-beam radiation therapy (EBRT) is delivered by a machine outside the body, while brachytherapy or internal radiation therapy comes from radioactive material placed in the body near or within the tumour. EBRT is the most common method
[116] How rapid advances in imaging are defining the future of precision ... — In this article, we review how the integration of existing and novel forms of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography have transformed tumour delineation in the radiotherapy planning process, and how these advances have the potential to allow a more individualised approach to the cancer therapy. Over the past decade, a number of significant technical developments, such as image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT), intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) and proton beam therapy (PBT), have enabled the concept of ‘precision radiotherapy’ to be advanced rapidly.8 Such advanced radiotherapy techniques facilitate greater conformity, reduced planning margins and the delivery of an increased dose to the tumour, potentially resulting in improved patient outcomes.5,6,9 The delivery of highly conformal, high-dose radiotherapy is, however, challenging due to uncertainties in the accuracy of imaging, treatment planning, treatment delivery and even changes in tumour size during treatment.
[118] Advanced surgical technologies for lung cancer treatment: Current ... — Since the first pneumonectomy for lung cancer was reported successfully by Graham et al in 1933 , the surgical methods and techniques for lung cancer have been continuously developed.The emergence of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) in the 1990s is a major technological revolution in the field of cardiothoracic surgery.
[119] Personalized Medicine: Recent Progress in Cancer Therapy — Personalized medicine (PM) or precision medicine in oncology is an emerging approach for tumor treatment and prevention that takes into account inter- and intra-tumor variability in genes, tumor (immune) environment, and lifestyle and morbidities of each person diagnosed with cancer. Colorectal cancer is a frequently used and well-known model in which tumor-tailored treatment has already been implemented. To optimize patient- and tumor-tailored treatments in patients with breast cancer, Mazo et al. In addition to the use of molecular characteristics of tumor cells, clinical tumor features can also be valuable biomarkers, thereby guiding patient- and tumor-tailored treatment. use tumor features for tailored treatment in patients with large B-cell lymphoma.
[120] Delivering precision medicine in oncology today and in future—the ... — In its broadest sense, 'personalised medicine' is the tailoring of medical treatment to the characteristics of an individual patient and moves beyond the current approach of stratifying patients into treatment groups based on phenotypic biomarkers. Nowhere in medicine has the impact of personalised medicine been greater than in oncology. For scientists and oncologists, the term
[121] The growing role of precision and personalized medicine for cancer ... — Companion diagnostics (CDx) help identify which treatments will be most effective for a specific patient’s tumor, and novel cell therapies are used to target the cancer with minimal damage to healthy tissues, making the PPM model more effective and safer. Recent work has focused on the development of more accurate tumor models (organoids) and harnessing the specificity of the immune system to develop effective cancer vaccines or mAbs. The personalized treatment approach has resulted in improved patient outcomes in terms of response rate and progression-free survival in Phase I clinical trials that selected patients using a specific biomarker versus those that did not174.
[122] Precision or Personalized Medicine - American Cancer Society — All About Cancer What Is Cancer? All About Cancer All About Cancer What Is Cancer? All About Cancer All About Cancer With regard to cancer, precision medicine most often means looking at how changes in certain genes or proteins in a person’s cancer cells might affect their care, such as their treatment options. The two types of treatment most often used in precision medicine are targeted drug therapy (drugs designed to attack a specific target on cancer cells) and immunotherapy (medicines used to help the body’s immune system attack the cancer). But to be part of a precision medicine clinical trial, a person's cancer cells must have certain gene or protein changes that can be targeted by the medicine that's being tested. If you have cancer Cancer
[124] An overview of artificial intelligence in oncology - PMC — AI applications in oncology include, but are not limited to, optimization of cancer research, improvement of clinical practice (eg., prediction of the association of multiple parameters and outcomes – prognosis and response) and better understanding of tumor molecular biology. AI applications in oncology include, but are not limited to, optimization of cancer research, improvement of clinical practice (including prediction of cancer patients outcomes and response to treatment) and better understanding of tumor characteristics. In addition to the increased availability of data, the augmentation of storage and computing power has boosted the development of data-processing techniques, such as machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI), which are becoming increasingly important tools to tackle complex issues in cancer care.
[125] Artificial intelligence in radiation oncology - PubMed — Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to fundamentally alter the way medicine is practised. AI platforms excel in recognizing complex patterns in medical data and provide a quantitative, rather than purely qualitative, assessment of clinical conditions. Accordingly, AI could have particular …
[126] Radiation Therapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer — When is radiation therapy used? Depending on the stage of the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and other factors, radiation therapy might be used:. As the main treatment (sometimes along with chemotherapy), especially if the lung tumor can't be removed because of its size or location, if a person isn't healthy enough for surgery, or if a person doesn't want surgery
[127] Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Chemotherapy | Chemo Side Effects — When is chemotherapy used? Chemotherapy travels through the bloodstream and reaches most parts of the body. Not all people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) will need chemo, but depending on the cancer's stage and other factors, chemo may be recommended in different situations:. Before surgery (neoadjuvant chemotherapy): Neoadjuvant chemo may be used (sometimes with radiation therapy
[128] Multidisciplinary Team Approach in Cancer Care: A Review of The Latest ... — Lung cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer (after female breast cancer), and the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide.12-14 This disease is a major healthcare burden with complex diagnosis and treatment challenges and variable treatment patterns; hence there has been considerable research into using an MDT approach in lung cancer care to improve patient management and outcomes.1,15 Berghmans et al.1 specified that care of patients with lung cancer must only be carried out in lung cancer units that have a core MDT and an extended team of healthcare professionals available; however, such units are far from universal in European countries.
[137] Genetic profiling in radiotherapy: a comprehensive review - PMC — Keywords: radiotherapy, genomic profiling, radiogenomics, radiation oncology (RO), profiling. ... First, we investigate the role of genetic markers in predicting radiation toxicity, allowing clinicians to identify patients who may be at higher risk of adverse side effects from radiotherapy. Understanding the genetic factors influencing
[138] Genetics and genomics of radiotherapy toxicity: towards prediction — Abstract Radiotherapy is involved in many curative treatments of cancer; millions of survivors live with the consequences of treatment, and toxicity in a minority limits the radiation doses that can be safely prescribed to the majority. Radiogenomics is the whole genome application of radiogenetics, which studies the influence of genetic variation on radiation response. Work in the area
[143] Radiotherapy and radiosensitivity syndromes in DNA repair gene ... — Background: Ionizing radiation DNA damage is the main mechanism of radiotherapy (RT) action and the outcome of treatment and healthy tissue toxicity is influenced by a number of external and internal factors, including mutations in DNA damage recognition and repair. Disorders of DNA repair may result in increased sensitivity to cancer treatment.
[144] DNA repair and genetic instability - World Cancer Report - NCBI Bookshelf — GeneticDNA repair information must be preservedgenomic instability for cellular homeostasis, organismal development, and cancer suppression. Multiple, redundant DNA damageDNA damage repair and signalling pathways combine to avoid errors during DNA replication and to remove DNA lesions from endogenous or exogenous sources. This chapter highlights the role of DNA repair in preventing mutation
[150] Radiation Therapy Support Patients Strategies | Open Medscience — Radiation Therapy Support Patients Strategies | Open Medscience Tips to Support Patients Undergoing Radiation Therapy Tips to Support Patients Undergoing Radiation Therapy Radiation therapy, while an effective treatment for many cancers, can be physically and emotionally challenging for patients. From managing side effects to offering emotional encouragement, understanding how to best assist patients undergoing radiation therapy is crucial. In this article, we will explore practical strategies for supporting radiation therapy patients. Radiation therapy often presents challenging side effects that require careful management to ensure patients maintain their quality of life during treatment. During radiation therapy, patients often rely heavily on the support of healthcare professionals. Supporting patients through radiation therapy extends beyond managing physical symptoms or providing practical assistance.
[152] Stanford Medicine first to try out novel tumor-targeting radiation ... — It is the first time the new approach, known as biology-guided radiation therapy or SCINTIX TM, has been used in a clinic. "This is the first radiation treatment machine in the world to combine radiotherapy with PET [positron emission tomography] technology," said Michael Gensheimer , MD, clinical associate professor of radiation oncology.
[158] Global Radiotherapy: Current Status and Future Directions—White Paper — Technical advances in radiation oncology, including hardware (image-based dose delivery systems) and software (evaluation tools and metrics integrated in treatment planning systems), have allowed dose escalation and treatment intensification in a very precise way. Although precision is technology-driven, outcome is ultimately dependent on biology.
[160] Revolutionizing radiation therapy: the role of AI in clinical ... - PubMed — Knowledge-based treatment planning and deep learning techniques have been employed to produce treatment plans comparable to those generated by humans. Additionally, AI has potential applications in quality control and assurance of treatment plans, optimization of image-guided RT and monitoring of mobile tumors during treatment.
[161] Recent Treatment Advances - Radiation Oncology - UCLA Health — Recent Treatment Advances - Radiation Oncology | UCLA Health Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is a new approach that is being applied to some types of cancer which differs from more traditional therapy in a variety of ways. SBRT is different than traditional therapy because it uses highly focused radiation concentrated on small tumors and only low doses to surrounding tissues. In this trial 55 patients with medically inoperable peripheral tumors (non-small cell lung cancer stages 1A and 1B) were given three treatments of SBRT. This type of treatment has raised the control rates from 30% with traditional radiation therapy to 90% in these lung cancer patients who receive SBRT. We are making significant advances in radiation oncology and are now able to use increasingly precise and safe treatments to map and treat cancer.
[164] Cancer statistics, 2023 - PubMed — PMID: 36633525 DOI: 10.3322/caac.21763 Item in Clipboard Full text links Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths in the United States and compiles the most recent data on population-based cancer occurrence and outcomes using incidence data collected by central cancer registries and mortality data collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. In 2023, 1,958,310 new cancer cases and 609,820 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States. Cancer incidence increased for prostate cancer by 3% annually from 2014 through 2019 after two decades of decline, translating to an additional 99,000 new cases; otherwise, however, incidence trends were more favorable in men compared to women. Despite the pandemic, and in contrast with other leading causes of death, the cancer death rate continued to decline from 2019 to 2020 (by 1.5%), contributing to a 33% overall reduction since 1991 and an estimated 3.8 million deaths averted. In summary, although cancer mortality rates continue to decline, future progress may be attenuated by rising incidence for breast, prostate, and uterine corpus cancers, which also happen to have the largest racial disparities in mortality.
[165] Cancer Facts & Figures 2023 - American Cancer Society — We fund research that explores how risk factors such as smoking, poor nutrition, and lack of physical activity can affect your risk of cancer. These annual reports provide: Estimated numbers of new cancer cases and deaths in 2023 by cancer site and US state Current cancer incidence, mortality, and survival statistics Information on cancer symptoms, risk factors, early detection, and treatment Also see this news story: Incidence Rate Drops for Cervical Cancer But Rises for Prostate Cancer 2023 Special Section: Lung Cancer This special section provides an overview of lung cancer occurrence in the United States, including information about risk factors, prevention, and early detection, as well as what the American Cancer Society is doing to reduce the burden. ### All Cancer I ACS Statistics Center The 2023 annual report provides an estimated numbers of new cancer cases, deaths, survivors and information on prevention, early detection & treatment. Most requested Tables & Figures Trends in Age-adjusted Cancer Death Rates by Site, US, 1930-2020 For Males (PDF) For Females (PDF) Estimated Number of New Cancer Cases and Deaths, US, 2023 By Sex (PDF) Estimated Number for Selected Cancers by State, US, 2023 (PDF) Of New Cases (PDF) Of Deaths (PDF) Leading Sites of New Cancer Cases and Deaths - 2023 Estimates (PDF) Probability of Developing Invasive Cancer During Selected Age Intervals by Sex, US, 2017-2019 (PDF) Incidence and Mortality Rates for Selected Cancers by Race and Ethnicity, US, 2015-2020 (PDF) 2023 Supplemental Data Estimated Number for the 4 Major Cancers by Sex & Age Group, 2023 Of New Cases (PDF) Of Deaths (PDF) Estimated Number of New Cases & Deaths by State for 21 Cancer Sites, 2023 (PDF) Lifetime Probability of Developing & Dying from Cancer for 23 Sites, 2017-2019 (PDF) ### See Highlights of More ACS Cancer Research Find links to research from ACS staff and grantees about the different cancer types, cancer disparities, and healthy eating and activity.